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Filtration Education

Considering the recent events in Flint, Michigan, the accentuated need for comprehensive knowledge and access to alternative ways of purifying water is apparent. Although events like the one in Flint are largely caused by governmental mismanagement, there should be open access to alternative ways of filtering water in an emergency or for conservation purposes. The citizens of Flint and many other cities that have experienced water emergencies are ill equipped to adequately respond to the water crisis. I want to explore the different ways in which individuals can filter and collect water sans public water works. My research revealed the many methods and materials that can be used to filter water. I also learned of the many standards set in place for water filtration that are geared toward consumers. I want to emphasize that filtering water gives people more power to understand and have jurisdiction over local water supplies. It is a great way to plan for a collective future.

Activated Carbon

  • Most activated carbons are made from raw materials such as nutshells, wood, coconut and coal.

  • Eliminates or reduces inorganic contaminants, dissolved organics and chemicals like chlorine that can cause undesirable taste, odor and color in potable water.

  • The porous nature of carbon traps and absorbs contaminents

  • "Activated carbon's adsorptive properties are used to remove organics. Generally, adsorption takes place because all molecules exert forces to adhere to each other. Activated carbon adsorbs organic material because the attractive forces between the carbon surface (non-polar) and the contaminant (non-polar) are stronger than the forces keeping the contaminant dissolved in water (polar)" (Water Treatment Guide).

  • Activated carbon is the main component in Brita filters. Brita uses coconut shells for their activated carbon.

 

 

This is a PDF which includes low-tech instructions to make your own activated carbon

  • 1 Micron/Micrometer = .001 Millimeters

  • Certain contaminents can only appear in certain sizes and when met with a micron filter that has a pathway/holes that is smaller than the contaminent, it can’t pass through

  • Can be made of wool, polypropelyne, ceramic

  • Needs heavy pressure to get water through small openings

  • Depending on size, micron filtration can filter out almost any contaminent. This is contingent on the size of microns in filter

Micron Filtration & Reverse Osmosis

Biosand Filtration

  • Consists of multiple layers of filtration: the bio layer (Schmutzdecke), sand filtration and gravel

  • Predatory microscopic organisms grow in the top 5 to 10 cm of wet sand and form what is called a "Schmutzdecke" or "biolayer" made of exocelluar polymers (complex proteins and carbohydrates) and living organisms consisting of diatoms, algae, bacteria, and zooplankton. This sand and biolayer must always be submerged under oxygen rich water. The living organisms in the biolayer literally "eat" pathogens in the water that get caught in the biolayer from a process know as "biological flocculation" (they stick to the biofilm). Some filtering also occurs because of the physical action of the sand below the biolayer. And additionally, the organisms in the biolayer produce substances that are toxic to pathogenic viruses and bacteria found in the water flowing through the filter (SlowSandFilter.org).

  • Biosand filter can remove, cryptosporidium cysts, Giardia Lamblia, viruses, and coliform bacteria

This is a PDF which includes instructions on making a biosand filter

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